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31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000strana Trigonometrijski oblik kompleksnog braja --------------30 Logaritmi
----------------------------------------------------------31 Operacije sa logari tmi ma -----------------------------------31 Lincarne jednacine i sistemi linearnih jednaCina --------32 Linearna

jednaCina -------------------------------------------32 Sistem linearnih jednacina sa dvije nepoznate-----------32 Metode l~jesavanja sistema jednacina ---------------------33 Diskusija
rjesenja sistema od dvije lineame jednacine -34 Sistem od tri jednacine sa tri nepoznate ------------------35 Linearna funkcija -------------------------------------------------36 Kvadratne j
ednacine --------------------------------------------38 Diskusija rjesenja kvadratne jednacine -----------------~-38 Vi et -ova pra vila ----------------------------------------------39 Rasta v \j

anje kvadratnog trinoma --------------------------39 Diskusija 0 rjesenjima kvadratne jednacine--------------39 K vadratna funkcija ----------------------------------------------40 Polozaj nule
kvadratne funkcije prema datom razmaku 41 .J cdnaCine viSeg reda ---------------------------------------------43 M a tematicka ind u kcij a -----------------------------------------45
Aritmeticki i gcomctrijski nizovi -----------------------------46 Ari tmeti cki niz------------------------------------------------46 Geometrij ski ni z----------------------------------------------47

Beskonacni geometrij ski red -------------------------------47 Binomni obrazac -------------------------------------------------48 Ko m binatorika ---------------------------------------------------49
strana Vj erovatnoca ------------------------------------------------------50
GEOMETRIJA---------------------------------------------------51 Tacka, prava i ravan u prostoru ----------------------------5 1 Ugl ovi ---------------------------------------------------------') 2
Kruznica, uglovi kruznice ----------------------------------53 Mjerenje uglova ---------------------------------------------- 54 Uglovi uz transferzal u ---------------------------------------55
Uglovi mnogougla, zbir unutrasnj ih j spoljasnjih -------56 U glovi na kruznici -------------------------------------------57

Mnogouolovi ----------------------------------------------.--------~-7
b

~rougao

--------------------------------------------------------57 Cetvero u gao -------------------------------------------------- 58 Tangentni i teti vni mnogougao ----------------------------60


Broj dij agonala mnogougla ---------------------------------61 Odnos izmedu stranica trougla ----------------------------- 61 Podudatnost traugl ova ---------------------------------------61
Slicnost trouglova (mnogouglova) ------------------------62 Kruznica i hug -----------------------------------------------63
GEOMETRIJSKA TIJELA (povrsine i zapremine) -----64

Prizma,
kocka,
kvadar
---------------------------------------64
Piramida,
zarubljena
piramidLf
------------------------------64
Valjak,
siplji
valjak
------------------------------------------65 Kupa, zarub lj ena ku pa --------------------------------------- 65 Lopta, dijelovj lopte -----------------------------------------66 Torus
-----------------------------------------------------------67
Iracionalne jednacine i nejednaCine -------------------------68

III 1\1
strana

Eksponencijalna funkcija ---------------------------------------69


Eksponencijalne jednacine i nejednacine------~----------70

-Logaritamska funkcija------------------------------------------70
Logaritamske jednacine -------------------------------------71 Logaritamske nejednaCine ----------------------------------72

TRIGON0 METRIJA-------------------------------------------73
Definicija trigonometrijskih funkcija no. pravouglom troll glu ---------------------------------------------------------73 Trig~nometrijska krllznica-----------------------------------74 Svodenje na prvi
kvadrant ----------------------------------74 V rijednosti trigonometrijskih funkcija --------------------75 Veza izmedll trigonometrijskih funkcija istog ugla -----76 Adicione teoreme
--------------------------------------------77 Trigonometrijske funkcije clvostrukog ugla ---------------77 Trigonometrijske funkcije polovicnog ugla -------------77
Izrazavanj e preko tga 1 -tg-a -------------------------------/ -8

2
Transformacija zbira i razlike u proizvod i obrnuto ----78
Funkcije viseslrukih uglova --------------------------------79
Rjesavanje pravouglog trougla------------------------------80
Sinusna teorcma ----------------------------------------------81
Kosinusna teorema-------------------------------------------81
Tangensna teorema ------------------------------------------82
Uglovi trou la ------------------------------------------------83
(J

Poluprecnik opisane i upisane kruznice ------------------83 Povrsina trougla ----------------------------------------._-----84 Grafici trigonomctrijskih funkcij a -------------------------85 Trigonometrij

ske j ednacine---------------------------------86

Sferna trigonometrija -------------------------------------------87


" strana
ANALIT!eKA GEOMETRIJA ------------------------______ 89
U daljenost dvije tacke --------------------------------_______ 89
Koordinate tacke koja dijeli duz --------------------------_ 90
Koordinate sredista duzi --------------------------------____ 90
Koordinate tezista trougla ------------------------------____ 90
Povrsina trougla ---------------------------------------_______ 90
Prava i jednacine prave----------------______________________ 91
Prava kroz jednu tacku ------------------------------________ 92
Prava kroz dvije tacke ------------------------------_________ 92
U gao izmedu dvije prave ---------------------------________ 93
Uslov paralelnosti dvije prave --------------------------___ 93

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6313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001. . -d OKolmtostJ viJe prave-------------------____________ 93 Udaljenost tacke od prave -----------------------------_____ 93 Uzajamni polozaj dvije prave -------------------------------94
Jednacina simetrale ugla ------------------------------______ 94
S 0'1

KRUZNICA ---------------------------------------------__________ 95
lednacina kruznice sa centrom u ishoclistu ---------------9S lednacina kruznice sa centrom u tacki S(p,q)------------95 Tangenta kruzn ice -------------------------------------______ 95 Uslov
tangenci onalnosti ------------------------------_____.__ 96 Palama jednacina kruznice -----------------------------_____ 96 Parametarska jednacina kruznice --------------------------96

EIipsa --------------------------------------------------_____________ 97
Jednacina tangente j normalc eiipse --------------------___ 99 U slov tangencionalnosti ----------------------------_________ 99 Elipsa sa centrom u tacki M(c,d) -----------------------___ 99
Povrsina elipse ---------------------------------------______ 100

Hiperbola ---------------------------------------------___________ 100


V VI
strana Asimptote hiperbole --------~------------------------------102 Usloy tangencionalnosti -----------------------------------102

Jednacina tangente i normale-----------------------------102


ParaboIa ----------------------------------------------------------102

U slov tangencionalnosti-----------------------------------104 Jednacina tangente i normale-----------------------------104 Povrsina odsj ecka parabole -------------------------------104

VEKTORSKI RACUN ---------------------------------------105


Operaci je sa vektorima ------------------------------------106 RazlagL{nje vektora na komponente ---------------------107 Vektori u koordinatnom sistemu -------------------------109 Linearna
zavisnost vektora -------------------------------110 Skalarni proizvod elva vektora ---------------------------113 Vektorski nroizvod dva vektora -------------------------115 Mjesoviti
~roizvoc! tri vektora ---------------------------116

ANALITICKA GEOMETRIJA U PROSTORU--------1l8


Rastojanje dvije tacke u prostoru ------------------------118
o 'v

119
Koordinate sredIsta dUZl ----------------------------------"-.
Povrsina trougla --------------------------------------------119
Zapremina tetraedra u prostoru ---------------------------119

Ravan u prostoru ----------------------------------------------120

Jednacina ravni u prostoru --------------------------------120 Uslov paralelnosti i okomitosti dvije ravni-------------121 Scgmentni obli k jednaCine ravni -------------------------121 .1ednacina
ravni kroz jednu taeku, kroz tri tacke-------121 Parametarske jednacine ravni ----------------------------122 Rastojanje date tacke od ravni ------------------------"--122 VII
strana
U gao izmedu dvije ravni ----------------------____________ 122 Presj ek tri ravni u j ednoj tacki ------------------_________ 122

Prava u prostoru ----------------------------------_____________ 123


Parametarske jednacine prave ---------------------_______ 123 Jednacina prave kroz dvije tacke ------------------______ 123 U gao izmedu dvije prave ----------------------___________ 124

REALNA FUNKCIJA REALNE PROMJENLJIVE __ 125 Zadavanje funkcije-- 125


o

---____________________________________

Nula funkcije -------------------------~-----------___ 125 Osobine funkcij e -------------------------------____________ 126 Inverzne funk cij e ----------------------------______ _________
129
o

Inverzne funkcije trigonornetrijskih funkcija ------_____ 130


Osnovni odnos izmeciu ciklometrijskih funkcija ---___ 133

Granicne vrijednosti funkcij a ----------------------_________ 135


Pravila za racunanje sa granicnim vrijednostima----__ 135
N eki primjeri granicnih vrijednosti -------------_________ 136
Neprekidnost funkcije --------------------------___________ 137

Asimptote krivih iinija u ravni ---------------------__________ 138


~

Iv

DU ERENC JALNI RACUN---------_______________________ 140


lzvodi -geometrijsko znacenje ----------------------_________ 140
Osnovna pravi la izvoda -------------------------__________ 141 Tabela izvoda osnovnih funkcija ----------------________ 142 Izvod slozenc funkcij e ----------------------------________ 143
Izvoel impl icitne funkcije --------------------_____________ 144 Di ferencij aJ funkcije --------------------------_____________ 145 Primjena izvoda u fizici ---------------------------________
146
VIII
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.
.

Prirodan

broj je djeljiv

s 2 ako
a
jedinica jedna od cifara 02,4,6,8.
" Prirodan
broj je cijeljiv
s 5 ako
a
jeciinica 0 iii 5.

samo

samo

ak
o

m
u

Je ci1'ra

ak
o

m
u

Je cifra

Il

Prirodan broj je djeljiv sa 3 ako i samo ako mll je zbir cifara djeljiv sa 3. (Npr. broj 207 je djeJjiv sa 3, jer rnu je zbir cifara 2+0+7=9 i 9 je djeJjivo sa 3)
II

Prirodan broj je djeljiv sa 9 ako i samo ako mu je zbir cifara djeJjiv sa 9. .. Prirodan broj je djeljiv sa 4 ako i samo ako mu je dvocifreni zavrsetak djelji v sa 4. (N pr. brojevi
424, 516).
II

Prirodan broj je djeljiv sa 6 ako i sarno ako je istClvremeno djeljiv sa 2 i sa 3.


I"

Prirodan broj je dje\jiv sa 8 ako su mu tri zadnje cifre nule iIi cine broj djeJjiv sa 8. '" Prirodan broj je djeljiv sa 25 ako i sarno ako mu je dvocifreni zavrsetak djeljiv sa 25.

Prosti i slozeni brojevi Broj koji je djeljiv sarno sa 1 i sa samim sobom zove se prost hroj. (2,3,5,7,11, ...). Brojevi koji osim jedinice i samog sebe imaju i drugih
djelitelja ZOyu se slozeni brojevi. Svaki slozen broj se moze prikazati U obliku proizvoda prostib brojeva.
Npr: 300 = 2150 315 = 3105 =2.2.75 = 3335 =22325
=22355
NajveCi zajednicki djeIilac (NZD)

= 3357

Za pr~rod.an. broj a kazemo cia je sadrZalac prirodnog broja b, a .za. b da Je ~J~lIl.~c od ~ ako je a cijeljivo sa b. Najveci zajednicki d~el~lac dva III VIse ~roJev~ je najveci broj koji je u
isto vrijeme dJehlac svakog oci oVlh broJeva. Npr: Za brojeve 240 i 360
240=(2223)25 NZD(240,360)= 2223=24
360=(2223)35
Npr. Za brojeve 126, 180,84
126=2337
NZD(l26,l80,84)= 23=6
180=22335 84=2237 .Ak~ je. najv.eci. zajednocki djelilac dva iIi vise broieva 1 o11da se tl broJevI naZlvaJu rnedusobno prosti. Npr. 4, 10 IS' 4=22 ' 10=25
NZD(4,1O,15)=1
15=35

N~jma?ji z~jednicki ~adrZalac dva iIi vise brojeva-NZS je naJma~JI br~J u kome Je sadrzan svaki od tih brojeva. Ako su b:'oJevl r~latl1mo prosti njihov najmanji zajednicki sadrzalac je I1Jhov

prOlzvod. A~o b:'~je~i. nisu relativno prosti npr. 18, 24 NZS odredujemo na slJedecl naC111; 18=233, 24=2223 NZS(18,24)= 22233=72.
Skup cijelih brojeva
Z={ ...-2,-1,0,1,2,3,... }
negativni cijeli brojevi nula pozilivni cijeli brojevi ---+I--+f--rl~1r-'f--+--+--t-~r-~-4--+f f ... brojna osa -3 -2 -I 0 2 3 4

. . Ako se ~ijeli broj a nalazi (na brojnoj osi) lijevo od cijelog Drop b onda Je a manji od b. ~

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49454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000
a a:k Skracivanje razlomaka

b = b: k' k:;t.:O, Smijemo brojnik i

nazivnik nekog razlomka podijeliti jednim istim brojem (razlicit


od nule), (razlomak se nece promjeniti),

45 45: 5 9

"4

Npr. 20 =20: 5 =

Uporedivanje razlomaka
Razlomke najlakse mozemo

uporedivati ako imaju jednake

25
Npr. -< -(manji je onajnazivnike i1i jednake brojnike,

razlomak ciji je brojnik manji) i1i : <

(manji je onaj razlomak

ciji je nazivnik veci), Ako nemaju jednake nazivnike niti brojnike onda ih
prosirujemo do zajeclnickog nazivnika, Npr, Treba uporediti

77

2 . 3 2 25 10 3 3,3 9
razlomke _ I _, _=--=--=--=-Kako je3 5' 3 35 15 5 53 15

10 9 kl' d' 2 3
v'

_>-za JucuJemo aJe ->-,


15 15 3 5
Decimalni razlomci su oni u kojima je nazivnik jedan od brojeva

10, 100. 1000, .. ,


1
Razlomak ~Uedna desetnina) cesto se oznacava sa 0, 10 (citaj: nula cijelih ijedna clesetnina),

2-=02 (nula ci,J'elih i dviJ'e desetnine)


10 '

100 004 (

Razlornak

nuIa

cijelih

cetiri

stotnine),

Razlomak --1000' ," l'j' lljadnine),

=0 ()03 (llUla cIJe III tn'h'"


f

37 215
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00003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000
043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474
22049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 3,7=-;
2,15=--' 3,034 = 3034 'J

10 100' 1000 Operacije sa razlomcima Sabiranje i oduzimanie:Mocru se naJ'laksve sabl'j'at" d" .

. I : .., , .: belI 0 uZlmaU laZ. OrnCI kOjl" ImaJU 1St1 nazivnik (Sab' 1 I 'j' duZlmamo
' , ,.lrdmO 0 ' blOJl1lke a nazlvl11k ostavimo isti) 2 3 5 17 4 13

-+-=--7 7 7 15 IS-iS Ako razlomci nernaJ'u isti naZiV111'k, ond'a lh prosirivanjem moramo dovesti n41 z41jednicki nazivnik, NpI'. 2 +~= 2, 5 + 3 7 =.!Q. +3.!_31
7 5 7 ' 5 5 ' 7 35 35 -

35

5 2 5,1 22 5 4 1
----=

----=----

6 3 61 32 6 6 6 Zbir prirodnog broja i razlomka, npr. 3

+!5 cVesto se pise bez

znaka 1/+" pa se dobije broj 3 ~ (tri cije1a i jedna petina), koji se naziva mjesoviti razlomak
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Kod dijeljenja dva decimalna broja djelilac i dijeljenik pomnozimo sa 10 ako djelilac ima jednu decima\u, sa 100 ako ima dvije, sa 1000 ako ima tri itd, pa se dijeljcnje decimalnim brojem
svodi na dijeJjene decimalnog broja cijelim brojem.
Npr. 5,664: 2,4::: 56,64: 24 2,36
86
144

00

Pretvaranje decimalnog broja u razlomak


U razlomak se mogu pretvoriti svi decimalni brojevi sa konacno 111nogo decimalnih mjesta i decimalni brojevi koji imaju beskonacno mnogo decimalnih mjesta kod kojih se ponavlja jedan te
isti broj (0,33333 ... ) iii grupa od dva iii vise brojeva (2,39393939 ... ).

235 2 35 ..
Npr. 235 = --== --(mjesovtti broJ)

, 100 100
Kako se broj 0,333 ... moze pretvoriti u razlomak?
0,333 ..... ==X /10

3,33......==10x
3+0,33.. ==lOx
3+x =lOx
3 == 10x-x
3

3'

3=9x ::::} x = -znaci broj 0,333 ... =

-;0,333= 0,3
9

Kako se broj 2,3939 ... pretvara u razlomak?

2,3939 ... =2+0.3939 ...


0,3939 ... =X /100
39,39 ...=100x
39+0,39...=100x
39+x =100x
18
39
39=99x ::::} x =99
znaci 2,393939...=2+0,393939...=2+

39
99

198

99

39

237

99'

2,3939...= 2,39
Iracionalni brojevi
.. Decimalni br~j~vi sa beskonacno mnogo decimalnih 111jesta kOJ~ se ne pona~IJaJu po nekom pravilu ne 1110gU se napisati u obhku razlomka 1 takve brojeve zovemo iracionali
brojevi.
Npr.

J2 =1,4142... , .J3 == 1,73205 ... , e == 2,7182... ,


11:

=3,14 ...

Skup iracionalnih brojeva se oznacava sa J.


Unija racionalnih i iracionalnih broieva cini skup realnih brojeva R.
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al=a, aO=1 (a:;t:O)
a2k>0 Npr. 24=16 iIi (-2)4=(-2)-(-2)0(-2)-(-2)=16
2k 1
2k 1
a + >O za a>O; a + <O za a<O
3
Npr. 3 =27 a (-2i= (-2)(-2){-2)=-8 . (Vrijednost stepena je pozitivan broj ako je eksponent paran bro] a ako je eksponent neparan broj onda je vrijednost stepena pozitivna ako je, baza
pozitivna a negativna ako je baza negati vna.)

Operacije sa stepenima
3
3
5
5
5
Moge se sabirati i oduzimaU sarno stepeni jednakih baza jednakih eksponenta. 5a +7a\::lOa , 8b -3b =5b

Mnozenje stepena: -jednakih baza:


2 7=a9

m "_am+l1 pr a2,<> 7=a +

a a -'co i:t -jednakih eksponenata: all.b!l=(a-bt; pi". 23.53=(2.5)\::103=1000.


Dijeljenje stepena ~jednakih baza:

-jednakih eksponenata:
4

a":

b"~(:

,pr. 27':

9 =(Z;J =3=81, b*Q


4

Stepeni sa negativnirn eksponentorn


( -2

a-ll=~
an

,r " 2' 8', 3 ) (~

(:.1

y!

\-n ( In

Vrijedi = :
n

fa-ol-O) or

2-3=_~=~. '\!I

=_1_=..!.=9

Stepenovanje stepena (aill

r=

am, pr (a2 ) =a 6 Steponovanje binoma

(a + b)2 =a + 2ab + b kvadrat zbira (a -b)2 =a2 -2ab +b 2 kvadrat razlike pr. (2x -3y)2 =(2x)2 -2(2x) (3y) +(3y)2 =4x2-12xy +9y2
2

kub zbira
3

(a_b)3=a -3a b+3ab -b3 kub razlike


pr. (2x-y)3 =(2X)3 -3(2x)2.y + 3(2x)-(yi -i=8x3 -I2x2Y+6x/-i (ab)4::::a44a3b+6a2b24ab3+b4

RastavIjanje na faktore nekih poznatih izraza 2 2


a -b = (a -b )(a +b) razlika kvadrata
4

pr. 64x -9/=(8x 3y) (8X2+3y)


3
3
2
2
a -b =(a -b)(a +ab +b ) razlika kubova
3
3
2
a +b =(a +b)(a -ab +b 2) zbir kubova
27 3

ry
3

9 6y 2 '\

pr.
x

-8y

,x

I'-+--+4y

--2y
x

I
)

4 "2 2 3

-b
as

=(a-b)(a-'+a
5
b

+b")=(a2

b+

=(a+

b)(a

-a l;+a2b

_b
2

-ab3

2
+

b4)

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Trigonometrijski oblik kompleksnog broja
y

b tg<p =a

a =p cos <P b == Psin <P


x

Ako u z=a+bi zamjenimo a i b koji su odreaeni prema slici dobijamo trigonometrijski oblik kompleksnog broja.

z = p(cos <P + i sin <p)


Operacije sa kompleksnim brojevima u trigonometrijskom obliku.
z1

=P1(cos <Pl +i sin <PI)' z 2 =P2(cos <pz + i sin <P2)

zl .'Zz = PIPZ[COS(<Pl + <pz)+ i sin(<Pl + <pz)]

ZIP1 r ( .). . ( )]
-=-'leos <PI

-<PZ +lSm <PI -<P2

Zz PZ
Stepenovanje kompleksnog broja
zn =[P(cos<p+ isin<p)t =pO (cosn<p+ i sinn<p)

Specijalno za; P =I:::::} (cos<p + isin<p)n = cosn<p + i sinn<p -Moivreov obrazac

Korienovanje kompleksnog broja


nl

nCr <p + 2kn <0 + 2kn "J

~z

="

p cos + i sin . -, (k=O,l ,2, .. ., n-l) ~ n n

[L0garitmi .1
Logaritam nekog pozitivnog broja N za bazu a (O<a:;t:l) je eksponent k kojim treba stepenovati bazu ada se dobije broj N.
k
loga N = k :} a == N
3

npr. log2 8 = 3 , jer vrijedi 2 =8


Za logaritme vrijedi loga1=O jer aO=l; logaa=l jer aJ=a. Vrijedi:
lou x 1

ba

=X logab =--10gb a

-logaritam proizvoda loga (xy) = loga x + loga Y

X
-loboaritam kolicnika loga -= logi a x -Ioga y
y
-logaritam stepena log a xk =k loga X
-logaritam korijena loga ~=!Joga x
n

Ako je baza logaritma broj 10 onda se logaritam zove dekadski i


tad se baza izostavlja: IOglOX=JOg x.
Ako je baza logaritma broj e=2,718 ... zove se prirodni logaritam:
logex=ln x.
Veza izmeau dekadskih i prirodnih logaritama.
log x=ln xlog e ; log e=O,434294...=M (modul Briggsovih

logaritama)
logx 1 1 -1
Inx =-;---= logx--; -= 2,302585 ... = M loge loge loge
31
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lracionalne jednacine i nejednacine
JednaCine kod kojih se nepoznate javljaju i pod korijenom su iracionalne jednacine. Korijen se u tom slucaju uzima sarno aritmeticki. Rjesavaju se uglavnom "oslobadaju6i", se korijena.
1) Vf(x) = ~g(x)

<=> f(x) = g(x) ,ako je n neparan broj.

2) Ako je n paran broj vrijedi ~f(x)


f(x)~O

=Vg(x) <=> f(x) =g(x) u oblasti u kojoj je

i g(x)~O

iii
f(x) <

~f(x) =g(X)

i g(x) <0 Specijalno:

<=> ff(x)=g2(X) 19(x) ~ 0 Nejednacine

1) Nejednacina 2~f(x) < g(x) (n E N) ekvivalentna je sistemu nejednacina:

!r(x)< [g(x)f" 2~f(x) < g(x) <=> ~lf(X.) ~ 0


g(x) > 0

f(X) ~ 0 { g(x) < 0 iIi2~f(X)

2n+~f(x)

> g(x) ::} rex) >

[g(x)fn {,g(x) ~ 0 3) 2n+~f(x) < g(x) <=> f(x) < [g(x)2n+l J

> g(x) ::} f(x) > [g(X)2n+l ]

Eksponencijalne funkcije, eksponencijaine jednaCine nejednacine Funkcija oblika y =aX (a> 0) je eksponencijalna funkcija. Osobine eksponencijalne funkcije: 1)
Funkcija y =aX je definisana za svako x u skupu R i uz uslov za baw O<a;i:1 2) Pozitivna je za svako x (ax> 0 za \:j xE R) .

4) Ako je O<a<l, tada X1<X2 ::? aX, > a X2 tj. monotone opadaju6a.

5) i\.ko je x=O, tada je a x =1 , za sve a>O.


6) Za a>1 u intervalu (-cc,O) je O<ax<l, a za O<a<1 je aX>1. U intervalu (0,+=) za a>1 je a >1' a za O<a<l je O<ax<1.
X

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10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003. Znak funkcij e

\~ i. ______/_y=2' za a> 1: Jogax<O za XE (0,1)


I\

i\:
I\I

: \. :
I \. I I ~--I I I'" I I I '\. I
I I "'" !
I I I I I ....... I I I -----~ I
__ L ___

----:--""1=-:n
-I \ ~

Jednacine Prilikom rjesevanja eksponencijalnih jednacina najcesce jednacinu dovedemo na oblik af(x) =ag(x) (O<a:;tl). Ona je ekvivalentna jednacini

f(x)=g(x) . af(x) =ag(x) ::> f(x) =g(x)


Kod eksponencijalnih nejednacina, nejednacinu najcesce svodimo na oblik af(x) < ag(x) , odakle imamo:
f(x) g(x) {f(X) < g(x) za a> 1

a <a ::> f(xg(x) za O<a<1


Logaritamska funkcija, logaritamska jednacina i nejednaCina Funkcija oblika y = loga x (0 < a :;t 1) je logaritamska funkcija. Osobine:

1Definisana je za x>O.
2lmajednu nulu a to je x=l za bilo koju baw O<a:;tl tj. y =loga x = 0 ::> x =1
logax>O za XE (1,+oc)
za O<a<l

logax>O za XE (0,1)
logax<O za XE (1,+oc)

4. Tok funkcije

Za a>1 funkcijaje strogo rastuca tJ. x<x -"-' 10 I


gaXj< ogax2

1 2"""""

Za O<a<1 funkcija je opadajuca tj. Xj<X2 ::> logaXl>logax2


Pr. logaritamske funkcije

-_ 10 x :1 '

-----------~..y!!'oJog I x

, 1Il 1

Logaritamske iednacine

rf(x) > 0 Ioga f(x) = log a g(x)


If(x) =g(x)

Ako svi I.ogaritmi ,u j~dn~~ini nemaju istu bazu moramo ih prvo


svestl na lstu bazu Konstecl formulu
1 fo<a:;tl')loga b=---iIi

10gb a

O<b:;tl
1

[ O<c:;tl)

:;>

g(x) > 0

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Vektori mogu hiti slobodni, vczani za tacku, nadovezani.
Mnozeliie vektora skalarom

Proizvod vektora a i skalara aE R je vektor aa istog prayeD. kao i---p.

-'

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ako je (1)0, a ---"!p' suprotan ako je a<O. Intenzitet mu je , a "

aI.

a slobodni nadnvezani vezani za tacku Smjcr vektora se uzima od pocetne ka krajnjoj tacki i oznacava se

strelicom.

vis
e

vekto
ra

imaju sti smjer ako imaju ist


i
pomjeranje
m

moze

irn budu sa iste strane

a
pravllo poiigona
(p,j(Jovt'Z! vanje-m) pravi!o il<lfaklograma

ma

n.
1
e

-a -b

s
e

moze

p
os

m trat
a i

kao

a,

a smjer mu je isti kao smjer vektora

~i

sabiranje

suprotan suprotan

+(

(Imaju

-vektoru b.

pra

vac a

smjer)

106

Za vektore i b kazemo da su kolinearni ako vrijedi

b=aa iIi a=ab Svaki vektor se moze napisati a=1 aIao . mnozenje vektora skalarom vrijede osohile

1-a=a

1.

-la =-3

3.

O-a=O

4.

15.

aO= ()

(al3)a = a(13 .ri) =13(a . a)

2(a +13) . = aa +13

7. a(a+ =aa+ab Razlaganje vektora na kmnponente


-komplanami vektori

tri i vise vektora kazemo da su komplanami ako Ide u istoj ravni.


komplanami vektori
Dva vektora su uvijek komplanama.
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Tok funkcije (monmonost)
Periodicnost: funkci ispunjava uslov: , ((J) konstanta :;;::0), 'dXE da odicna sa periodom 0.1 NajmanjQ pozitivna
ill za ) zove se

Tl-OSnOVfl1

kTt-period

Nekaje Xl<X2, Xj,X2E [a,b]cD . Ako vriJedi: a) f(XI)::5:f(X2), funkcija je neopadajuca b) f(XI):::::f(xz), funkcija.ie nerastuca c) f(XI)<f(Xl), funkcija je rastuca d)
f(Xlf(xz), funkcija je opadajuca
na intervalu [a,b]. funkcije koje zadovaoljavaju . gornjih uslova kaz.emo da SL! monotone.

f:

a) 'dyE B je sl se

Za 'dx I,XzE vrijedi' x


(nema ni jednog elementa u skupu B na koji se preslikavaju
iii vise elemenata skupa Je
Ako je funkcija sirjektivna injektivna onda .W ona
bijektivna.
Bijektivne funkcije imaju svoje inverzne funkcije.
Neka je f:A~B bijektivna funkcija.
lednacinom y=f(x) definisano je y kao funkcija ad x,
Aka ovu jednaCinu rijesimo po x dolJicerno x=<p(y).
Ako u jednacini x=<p(y) zamjenimo slova x i y dabi(:erno funkciju
y=(p(x) koja je inverzna funkciji ) i ona se 'cno ozr-2lCaVLl
sa fl(x),
Grafici inverznih funkciJ'a su simetricni U odnosu na nravu v=x
,~

(simetrala I i III kvadranta).


Primjer: Datoj funkciji f(x)=2' naci inverznu funkciju.
lednacinu y=2x Ijesimo po x i dobijemo x=log2Y ~ad ~~mjenimo 'I 'dobiJ'emo y=log2x. To je inverzna fmkclJa, Prema

s ova x 1 y, , ." [1' ) I ' tome, datoj funkciji f(x)=2 inverzna Je funkclp (X = Og2X
x

funkcije trigonometrijskih funkcija


lnverzne funkcije trigonometrijskih funkcija zov,emo.. ' cikJometrijske funkcije. Kako trigonometrij~ke f~nkcJJe mSl~.
'V"

bijektivne n3 svojim oblastima defimsanostl mozemo se og,amcltJ r rc rc

" t rval

l---

na zatvorcm 111 e 2' 2 J

l ' ", [0' rcl


1

sa sinus 1 tangens 1 mterva. '"

sa cosinus i cotangens na kojem zadovoljavaju uslov bijekcije pa potrazimo njihove inverzne funkcijc. rc '11"11-1C) na nrimj'cr Ja ie za ugao a =-;--:

--' u '>--.f

~ ~,

. t)

rc

sada pitanje koliki je ugao Ciji jc sinus

1
jednak

1
To pisemo arcsin -=? To je inverzna operacija od trazenja2
sinusa a funkciju y=arcsin x zovemo inverznom funkcijom
., . . I [

7t 7t] D f' ,

2' 2 . omen .unkciJc

funkclJe y=smx na ll1terva u -

y~arcsin

x je (-1.1) a njen kodomcn je [ -

~ ,~

Mozemo posmatrat i funkciju y=Arc sin x ciji je domen [-1,1] a kodomen (-oc, +oc) koja je beskonacno muHiformna (beskonacno viseznacna) ,[jednoj vrijednosti nezavisno promjenljive
x odgovara beskonacno mnogo vrijednosti y] ,
y=arcsin x je luk hive y=Arc sin x koji se zove glavna vrijednost funkcije. Slicno se definisu i ostale ciklometrijske funkcije.
Grafici ciklo etrij.i~h ~unkcija

I II

II
I nr'---'
12
II;~

1)----il
,I

I \1
Y= Arcsin x"
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2. Integrali oblika

_ m 0 SIn

x cos x n -. n _ izracunavaju se metodom parcijalne integracije stavljaju6i

sin xcos xdx = + smm xcos2 xdx

xneaxsjnbxdx i xneaxcosbxdx

m+l 0-1 1

m+n m+n u =xI! i dv =e 3X sin bx odnosno dv=eilXcosbx.

sm xcos x m-I

sin xcos xdx = .

m-I n+1

+ sinm-2 xcosn xdx 3.Integrali oblika

P(lnx)xlldx i

P(arcsinx)dx , gdje je P(x)

m+n m+n .. za m+n:;t:O polinom po lnx odnosno arcsinx, svode se smjenom lnx=t

odnosno arcsinx=t na integrale

P(t)e(n+l)tdt j

P(t)costdt _

5. Pri racunanju inlegrala oblika faxcosbxdX, gdje su a i b realne konstante

koriste se trigonometrijski identiteti a ~

cos acos~

=~

=~

[cos(a -~)-cos(a +f)]

[cos(a -f)) +cos(a +~)]

acos~ =~[sin(a -f)) +sine a +f))]


2.
Integracija transceQentnih funkcija l.Integrali oblika

P(x)eaxdx ,

P(x)sinaxdx i

P(x)cosaxdx ,

gdje je P(x) polinom n-tog stepena, izracunavaju se metodom parcijalne integracije.

158 159

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